Does Vision And Mission Emerge Essay -- essays research papers fc

Does vision and mission rise up out of the specific culture of a firm or is it directed by procedure? Â Â Â Â Â The culture of a firm and the development of procedure are two very significant parts of an association. The world contains various individuals all with various qualities, thoughts and convictions. These distinctions make a various scope of societies inside associations, some having greater impacts than others. Systems inside associations are exceptionally powerful and complex, and can have positive and negative impacts on an association. Vision and crucial ideas that many accept are fundamental for an association to work successfully and as well as could be expected. Andrew Campbell (1991) , a noticeable essayist on vision and crucial, that both the way of life and the procedure of a firm met up one next to the other to assemble a general meaning of strategic a firm. The paper will be based around Campbell’s discernment and whether either culture or procedure has a larger part to play in an organisation’s mission. Â Â Â Â Â Culture and technique will be inspected in a setting applicable to the title question. Hofstede (1993) characterizes culture as ‘the aggregate programming of the psyche which recognizes one gathering or class of individuals from another’. Hofstedes exploration of various associations and nations permitted him to cause expectations in transit various social orders to work, including their administration forms and the speculations that would be utilized in the board. Morgan (1996) alludes to culture as ‘the example of advancement reflected in a society’s arrangement of information, belief system, qualities, laws, and everyday ritual’. In resulting works he develops authoritative culture as ‘self-sorting out and is consistently evolving’ and furthermore ‘ we are watching an advanced type of social practice that has been affected by numerous unpredictable collaborations between individuals, occ asions, circumstances, activities, and general circumstances’. These expansive meanings of hierarchical culture are significant bases and will be utilized all through. Â Â Â Â Â Defining system is a troublesome procedure since it is an intricate idea that has numerous structures and is continually evolving. Andrews (1987) endeavor is an extensive definition... ...(1980) Defining the Business – The Starting Point of Strategic Planning New Jersey, Prentice Hall Collins, J.C. and Porras, J.I. (1996) Built to Last – The Successful Habits of Visionary Companies Kent, Century Ltd. De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (1998) Strategy – Process, Content, Context London, International Thomson Business Press Grovel, J. and Cox, B. (1985) Corporate Planning in Practice London, Kogan Page Ltd. Morgan, G. (1996) Images of Organizations London, Sage Publications Watchman, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage New York, The Free Press Diaries Baetz, M.C. and Bart, C.K. (1996) Developing Mission Statements Which Work Long Range Planning 29 (4), pp.526-533 Campbell, A. and Yeung, S (1991) Creating a Sense of Mission Long Range Planning August pp.10-20 Campbell, A. (1997) Mission Statements Long Range Planning 30 (6), pp.931-932 David, F.R. (1989) How Companies Define Their Mission Long Range Planning 22 (1),pp.90-97 Piercy, N.F. (1994) Mission Analysis: An operational methodology Journal of General Management 19 (3), pp.1-19 Hofstede, G (1993) Cultural Constraints in Management Theories Academy of Management Excutive 7 (1)

Essay on research How Apple Watch Can Spot Heart Issues

Article on inquire about How Apple Watch Can Spot Heart Issues For over a year, Apple Watch-based research was led by Stanford University so as to make sense of whether the gadget can distinguish heart issues. The outcomes gave off an impression of being promising despite the fact that they can’t be totally exact. 400,000 volunteers participated in the examination yet just 0.5 % of gadget clients were cautioned by Apple Watch that their heart rhythms are unpredictable. Later on, clinical experts uncovered that 84 % of the notices concerned scenes of atrial fibrillation, which are indications of the potential improvement of medical problems. At the end of the day, the innovation had all the earmarks of being equipped for keeping away from a plenitude of bogus positives, which are without a doubt the primary worry of the exploration. In addition, it gave off an impression of being solid enough for the volunteers to make a move and calendar a meeting with a specialist. The individuals who got makes concurred aware of wear an ECG fix for a week and 34 % out of them showed abnormalities. Around 57 % of the volunteers who saw the admonition talked with a specialist. It’s imperative to take note of that the investigation utilized Apple Watches from Series 3 and prior. Arrangement 4 showed up to some degree later so with its implicit ECG it couldn’t be utilized for the examination. The application was fundamentally focused on intermittent checks by methods for the pulse sensor for getting told if something doesn’t work appropriately. The outcomes that were uncovered over the span of the investigation can’t be completely depended upon. While 84 % is a figure sufficiently high to make the discoveries dependable, a 6th of the individuals who got cautioning notices may have no reason for concern. Additionally, it is likewise conceivable that individuals who have atrial fibrillation didn’t get a notice. Interestingly, the aftereffects of testing the Apple Watch gadget are sure and, ideally, Apple will keep pushing further in the wellbeing administration.

How hard is it, really

How hard is it, really I know, I know, its CPW season, but that doesnt mean that every blog entry has to be about CPW, so Im going to treat you to another story. I had very little physics experience when I came to MIT. Id gotten a 730 on my SAT II but only because Id crammed two days before the test by studying the test format and past questions, not the material. I took a physics class in high school but it was more hands on and not AP, nothing that could prepare me for MIT physics. There should have been indicators, MIT does its best to make sure you end up in a physics class that will push you but not break you. They do this by administering a math diagnostic when you first get to campus. The results of the diagnostic help you decide which physics class (8.01L, 8.01, 8.012 ranked from easiest to hardest) is best for you. The results of my math diagnostic said that I was prepared to take either 8.01L or 8.01. I opted for 8.01 because 8.01L continued through IAP in January, something I didnt want to do. The first day of 8.01 was quite fun, I enjoyed it, but we took a pretest and I didnt know how to answer any of the questions. Thats ok, I told myself, Ill learn. We had a couple of lectures and then had a problem set assigned. I worked on the problem set and realized that I wasnt able to do any of the problems. People all around me were blazing through them, claiming that it was easy and that it was stuff theyd seen in high school. This was discouraging, but again, I figured that with enough practice I could learn. You know, people say that physics is only learned through practice, but I quickly realized that I had an issue. The class was moving too fast for me to practice. The lectures didnt teach ANYTHING. They consisted entirely of powerpoint presentations that talked about theories, general concepts, and information that never actually taught me how to do physics. I asked dozens of people in class how they knew how to solve problems and the only thing I ever heard was In high sch ool ____ or I learned this last year. I learned nothing in 8.01 but was being testing over material I was expected to know. Its easy to memorize the equations for physics. Whats not easy is knowing how to manipulate them without practice. Physics is problem solving and I didnt have the background. I got an 80/100 on the first pset while all of my friends got high 90s. I thought that this meant I just had to work a little harder, but then a quiz was announced. I took the quiz and got completely dominated. I didnt know how to do any of it. The next day in class we got them returned to us. People around my table of nine began getting their quizzes back. Their scores were fine, high 80s and 90s. Some were complaining about how the only two points they lost were because of notation. I got my quiz back. 20/100. I got a 76 on the next pset, drowning in the work. Time for the next quiz, which was just as hard as the first one. Also, like the first one, everybody else at my table did fine. I didnt. 20/100. I began to take aggressive steps towards learning physics. I would practice back in the dorm, go to office hours, and do anything I could to learn, but it was extremely frustrating and I began to hate the subject. I began to panic. I would talk to my professor every day after class but he had nothing to offer me but to tell me to practice. At the start of the semester I had been assigned a seat at a table in the very back of the classroom, making it hard to see anything going on and interact/ask questions. I felt like crap, it was one of the worst feelings ever. I felt like MIT was just letting me fail. I showed up for class and was forced to sit in the back, I was failing quizzes, didnt understand the material, and the only advice the professor could give me was to practice. I NEED MORE THAN THAT! GIVE ME ADVICE THATS HELPFUL! YOUR JOB IS TO TEACH ME, DONT TELL ME TO GO READ A BOOK! TEACH ME PHYSICS! YOURE A FREAKING PROFESSOR AT FREAKING MIT AND YOURE LETTING ME FAIL YOUR CLASS. IM PUTTING IN THE EFFORT, I NEED HELP, DO YOUR JOB! Eventually I realized that I wasnt going to be able to do it. I couldnt pass physics, I was going to fail. Completely miserable, frustrated, and on the verge of tears, I could only think of one thing to do. I walked towards my advisors office and caught her in the hall. Can we talk? Absolutely, can you wait 5 minutes? Yes. We went into her office and I described my situation. We both agreed that I needed to not be in 8.01 anymore, that it wasnt feasible. She showed me my options, we checked schedules, e-mailed professors, and eventually got me switched into 8.01L. I went to my first 8.01L class and realized that it was the perfect class for me. The focus was on learning to problem solve, on slowly learning the basics and refining them. I actually learned how to solve problems, not just how to smash my way brutally through seemingly impossible obstacles. I ended up getting a B in 8.01L, even with the 20% plugged in for the first test I had missed while in 8.01. My loathing for physics has slightly decreased, but Im still extremely frustrated by how my obvious lack of experience was handled while in 8.01. Its my opinion that if a student is struggling in a class and is putting everything they can into getting a passing grade that the professor should do their best to help. My professor didnt, he didnt even suggest me switching into 8.01L, the solution that should have been obvious to him. This story is not really meant to be depressing, its meant to show that MIT can be too hard, absolutely, but youll know it. Many of my classes are hard (2.001, 8.02, 18.03, etc) but I can do them if I put in the work. Sometimes its not fun, but it is feasible. If you get a class that seems impossible but are still working through it and getting decent grades then MIT is doing its job. If you get to a class and find yourself extremely frustrated, failing everything, and cant see the light at the end of the tunnel, dont be scared to fix the problem. You are not a superhero, not everything is possible. MIT is hard and most of the time is manageable. Sometimes it isnt, the smart thing to do is to be able to recognize when it just isnt possible, admit that you arent the smartest kid in your class, and take action to fix it. Nobody will fault you for coming forward with your shortcomings and taking the steps necessary to correct your problem. Youll be much better off for it.

Media s Influence On The Media - 1078 Words

Seen as the heart of the political system, the media and its different portrayals of the presidency result in a quite unique relationship. At times, the media portrays the President positively and at other times the relationship may be a bit more negative. This relationship tends to make the flow of information and media spotlight a concern for the President to maintain. But, controlling the stream of information isn’t an easy task particularly when it is unfairly negative. The mass media retains unrealistic expectations of the President at times. Positive and negative portrayals and the constant effort to control the flow of information shape a distinctively complicated relationship with the media. The first aspect of the relationship is the positive depictions of the President by the media. In many cases, presidents are showed positively during a national event or in the midst of a crisis. A few great examples of this are the State of the Union address, international travel, or any instance where the President is a strong and representative figure of the nation. During devastating events such as attacks on U.S. soil, and crises, the media positively displays the President especially through his or her addresses. In fact, it is not just the media that looks at the president and general government in a supportive way during crises, but the American people as a whole. For instance, after the attack on 9/11, a Gallup poll showed that the support of Congress doubled inShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On The Media1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdisplayed in the mass media is conditioned by wealth and power, so as a result of the concentration of power and the official censorship done by the government and corporate sources; the media follows the ideas of the elite. In order to deliver messages that support the elite’s beliefs, the media goes through five different filters that determine the information presented, this are ownership of media, funding, sourcing, flak, and fear. First, when referring to the ownership of media, it is importantRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Media Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesLusby English composition 12/1/2016 The Media s Influence    Can the media really persuade you into thinking a way about a person you have not even meet? The media can make influence you into thinking a certain way about some and also influence a choice that you could have to make about them that could change their life forever. To prove this I have researched into articles that could help me prove that the media can influence these things. First the media in the form of television can give you aRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media2111 Words   |  9 Pagestoday is communicated through media. Media is the most powerful and influential force in the country. The media are powerful agents of socialization and they set the standard that majority follow. The power giving to American media has allowed them to be very effective using propaganda as strategy, the media tend to say they serve to relieve social conflicts into minimum. We clearly see that the media promote social conflicts by separating class. The image that media has created in the mind of massesRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media892 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s culture, it’s hard not to come across some form of media, whether that is an advertisement on a roadway, a commercial on the television, or even an ad on the portable games you play on your phone. The average 8-18-year-old experiences about 7.5 hours of some form of media a day. [1] Out of the 24 hours in a day over a quarter of it is spent looking at or listening to advertisements for products, the news, video games, television, movies, music, books, and the internet. A common way toRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1977 Words   |  8 Pagespushes their political view. News viewers tend to be oblivious when it comes to bias in the media because they would rather hear what they believe is right. There are many ways to find truth in journalism that everyone needs to be aware of for example, going to more than one source and conducting a SMELL test. Biased media has made a big impact on it’s viewers, creating a big division between the two sides. Media plays a big part on how people get everyday news, but ultimately, it is up to the viewerRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1986 Words   |  8 PagesWe are a world that revolves around our media outlets. This is because we depend on them to give to us the information that we need to be able to live our daily lives. Whether it is the news on politics or just events that are happening around your area. The real question though is has news changed? And the follow up question to that would be; how do historians think news has changed? The news media has changed throughout history because of the rise of technology. It is now possible to reach peopleRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1928 Words   |  8 Pages V. New Media In the course of the most recent couple of decades, the media scene has changed drastically. The most essential change is from an old media model of television to another media model of narrowcasting. TV alludes to media speaking to the overall population and is exemplified by system TV, radio, and daily papers. Narrowcasting, made conceivable by television networks, Internet, and satellite radio, is focused to particular gatherings of people. The new media have various essentialRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1543 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media publicizes a substantial amount of messages about identity and acceptable ways to express gender, sexuality and ones lifestyle, but at the same time, the viewers have their own differing feelings about the issues. The media may suggest certain feelings and actions, but the audiences feelings can never overpower self-expression completely. The media portrays certain things because it is what is being accepted. Neither parties, these being the media and its audience, have full power overRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, mass media became widely recognized. In a period of mass availability, people today have entry to more media outlets than ever before. According to media scholar Jean Kilbourne,â€Å"the average American is exposed to over 3,000 advertisements a day and watches three years’ worth of television ads over the course of a lifetime† (back cover). It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, and to the books and magazines we read each day. Media is the numberRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesMass media has a very influential part in today’s society. Consisting of radio broadcasting, books, the Internet, and television they allow information and entertainment to travel at a fast pace as well to a vast audience. This vast majority of information can easily manipulate and or persuade people to have certain stereotypes on specific genders. TV commercials are one of the most influential structures in the media. Looking back 20 to 30 years, stereotypes were clearly welcomed on TV and in

Negative Effects of Gender Discrimination at Workplaces in...

Recently, gender inequality is being emphasized as an acute and persistent problem. In the USA, this is predominantly due to that fact that women are demanding their rights at workplaces. Mostly, they try harder to be appropriate and successful in their careers rather than men. ‘Differential treatment within the labor market is what we refer to as labor market discrimination’ (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2012, p398). Gender discrimination against women in the market place reduces the available talent in workplaces and has negative consequences on the country. Gender discrimination in the United States can lead to damages to the effectiveness of labor market such as unequal employment regulations, less promotion chances and unfair wage†¦show more content†¦The current orthodoxy on that delicate issue is that females are less likely to manage several people or run a company rather than males. As proposed by Catalyst (cited in Berry, D., and Bell, M., 2012, p238) males ar e dominating the top in case of inequality in economics and social authority. ‘Gender inequality in the workplace is related to the differential distribution of men and women across positions of power, prestige and responsibilities, and studies show that women are less likely than men to hold authority positions’ (Rosenfeld, et al. cited in Birkelund, G., and Sandnes, T., 2003, p204). To conclude, discernibility in promoting workers in accordance with their gender is one of the most harmful aspects of discrimination. Ultimately, unfair wage distribution is associated to be the last effect of sex discrimination. A number of studies analyse wage disparity as a consequence of occupational discrimination. ‘A recent study, for instance, finds that a woman working in an occupation where at least 75 percent of the coworkers are women earns about 14 percent less than a comparable woman working in an occupation where more than 75 percent of the coworkers are men’ (Borjas, 2010, p403). Moreover, Borjas states that in the United States, wage differential is produced by constituting a number of females in few occupations and at the same time, it diminishes the gainings of so-called women jobs (2010, p403).Show MoreRelatedWhen People Think Of Discrimination, They Tend To Think1254 Words   |  6 Pagespeople think of discrimination, they tend to think back to older times of slavery, racism, and an underdeveloped country. Sadly, discrimination actual plays a large role in the workplace of today. Discrimination is defined as â€Å"treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc.† according to the Cambridge Dictionary (Cambridge University Press 1). Discrimination comes in manyRead MoreThe Underlying Reasons For The Lack Of Female Politicians1433 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of discrimination they face because of their gender. The first premise of the op-ed will be to show that social inequality continues to exist in the form of the gender wage gap. Secondly, negative media portrayal contributes to the lack of support for female politicians. Both of these premises are useful in showing that discrimination makes it difficult for women in the political arena because they have less monetary support as well as populace rallying behind them. Lastly, gender and partyRead MoreDiscrimination Based On Sexual Orientation Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesjust system should view all people no matter what their race, gender, or social class is. In a world where Lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender people are being slandered, it is hard for them to get jobs because of their sexual preferences or how they identify. Gays and lesbians who choose to come out around â€Å"straight† people they work with will probably face at least some (if not much) discrimination. During work, â€Å"discrimination based on sexu al orientation must not be tolerated in any formRead MoreLegal Protection Has Not Prevented Women And Girls Being Discriminated Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Protection has not Prevented Women and Girls Being Discriminated Again People are very judgmental, and they make decision based on some appearance. They treat women and girls differently based on their gender. We have been seeing discrimination over female throughout the history. Women are as strong as men, and they are equally intelligence. Women and girls are being discriminated because of their sex, and their roles, the role that were known for female when human race has started. InRead MoreEssay Dispelling the Myths of Ageism3422 Words   |  14 Pagesand judged solely on the basis of their chronological age (Berger, 2008). Our western culture has embedded ageism into our everyday lives, and we may not be able to identify the ageist behavior when it occurs. Older adults are frequently given negative labels such as senile, sad, lonely, poor, sexless, ill, dependent, demented, and disabled. (McGuire, Klein, Shu-Li, 2008) It is inevitable that we will experience decline in physical and mental capacities. However, the timing, quality, and degreeRead MoreVarious Aspects and Various Types of Discrimination Essay3444 Words   |  14 Pagespeople some individual doesn’t treat some people equally and behaves very badly and think in a negative way about other people, this is called discrimination. This is one of the major problems which the whole world is facing. The purpose of my research is to study the va rious aspects and various types of discrimination and then find out who all are and how they are getting effected by this discrimination and then I will come up with dome recommendations to solve this problem. People don’t treat otherRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorkforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizationsRead More Affirmative Action Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pageswell. Every sector in America would be equal and unprejudiced - or so proponents say. On the other hand, adopting affirmative action would force many employers to replace hard-working employees with those of less qualification simply due to their gender or ethnic background. Many people feel that affirmative action would be very beneficial to our society. They have many thought-inspiring arguments. Some claim that we owe blacks for what we took from them in the past. We gave them a setback in ourRead MorePolicy Background : Pay Fairness Act2592 Words   |  11 Pagespaper contains a background about the pay fairness act which is legislation that aims to reduce the gender wage gap in the United States. The first part will describe how the legislation started and how it has changed over time. Also, I will be showing the importance of the act and the obstacles it has faced in congress. The second part of this paper will highlight some alternatives to solving the gender wage gap problem, and I will be describing why I think the Pay Fairness Act is the best solutionRead MoreAdolescent Bullying : A Survey Measuring Adolescent s Responses Regarding Self Confidence2289 Words   |  10 Pagestext messages and the identity of the stu dent remained anonymous to the surveyor and other respondents. Students coming from Hispanic and Asian ethnicities responded being with victims of bullying due to discrimination. Key words: Adolescence bullying High school students Discrimination Victim Self-confidence Supportiveness Secureness Integrity Judgement How is it to be a target of adolescent bullying? The importance of human morale, integrity, and respect is known when a person goes

Rhetorical Analysis of “Pink Think” Free Essays

Women have been told what to do since the beginning of time. â€Å"Pink Think† furthers that idea. This article by Lynn Peril explains what influences have impacted the way females act and think. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Pink Think† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emotional appeal, the use of the theory pink think and her use of specific examples from history all come together to establish her case that women have been expected to fit into a specific mold in order to be a successful woman in life. Every woman feels the need to fit in with society. By fitting in, the woman would get the perfect guy, be successful in life and feel included. Lynn Peril shows how the attitude of Pink think made women feel the need to fit in. There were articles that showed the joys of housewifery. Women who read these articles felt that if they were a housewife and enjoyed the aspects of it written in the article, they fit in. It is a trait in women that all women want to fit in. We look in magazines and wish to look and dress like the models. This was what women thought about Pink think. It was the â€Å"in† way to act and think. Women who thought this way fit in and those who did no wanted to so that they could fit in. Lynn Peril shows how Pink think made women want to fit in, and it worked. The theory of Pink Think is a set of ideas and attitudes about what constitutes proper female behavior. It was very popular from the 1940s to the 1970s. The theory of Pink think is the main argument of this essay. The cultural mindset of Pink think touched every female. The women read about it in articles, teens learned about it in their home economics textbooks, and little girls learned the feminine behaviors in games such as Miss. Popularity. With all the aspects of a woman’s life having some type of Pink think, it is no wonder women felt the need to fit into this mold. Pink think also told women that femininity was the only way to get and marry a man. And that was the only way to have a child, which was what women were supposed to do. Pink think also â€Å"made beauty, charm, and submissive behavior of mandatory importance to women of all ages in order to win a man’s attention and hold his interest after marriage. † It made women believe the only thing to do in life was to please a man. Pink think took over the way women act and thought in order to fit into what society thought a woman should be like. The use of specific examples in â€Å"Pink Think† helped Lynn Peril show that this theory influenced women in any stage of their life. Pink think influenced women from the way they put on their bathing suit to the choice of contraception. The example that had a real influence on me was the Miss America competition of 1961. Nancy Fleming’s answer to just kick both of her heals off and continue down the runway was a good one, but her answer that too many women were working and they should just be at home was shocking. Also the fact that she won after that answer really surprised me. Fleming was putting women throughout the country down and saying they should just stay at home and have no place in the workforce. Women should have the choice to work or stay at home. I do not think the role model for America should have told the world that women are over powering men and her place is in the home. Peril’s use of several specific examples allows her to connect to deferent readers. By having several examples, Lynn Peril expands the audience that she affects. By using emotional appeal, the use of Pink think, and several specific examples Lynn Peril shows readers how women were influenced to act and think a certain way. Some of these attitudes are still looming around today. Just because Pink think was popular from 1940-1970, does not mean the idea does not show up today. Women are still expected to act and think a certain way. Lynn Peril showed how women were supposed to act back then, and it has changed in present day, but some ideas are still around. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Pink Think†, Papers

“the American Criminal Justice System” free essay sample

â€Å"The American Criminal Justice System† Timeline: Key events in the historical development of capital and corporal punishment In 1692, the Salem Witch Trials began and is considered a great tragedy in history involving religion and beliefs. Many people suffered during this time if they were identified as a witch and the consequences were enforced by the minister of Salem, Samuel Parris, and his followers. A few punishments involved unlawful search and seizure’s, trials, and if convicted, executed. The Salem witch trials continued for eight months after Cotton Mather argued the mass convictions against the accused suspects and after the clergy began to question the evidence, Governor Phips, put a stop to the executions and all accused. A total of twenty people and two dogs lost their lives during this event in time. In 1934, the military prison closes on Alcatraz Island due to a rise in operational cost and the Federal government opens a Federal Prison on the Island to incarcerate high profile inmates. This location was ideal to hold unmanageable offenders in isolation and officials hope it would deter committed crime to those individuals in society. Fourteen attempted escapes occurred within the twenty-nine years of operation. In March 1963, Alcatraz closed due to the building slowly deterring and security measures diminished due to budget cuts. After the escape of Frank Morris and the Angelin Brothers, many scrutinized the prison for its security. In 1987, the United States created the sentencing guidelines under the Sentencing Reform Act in 1987. The guidelines resulted in a criminalization and sentencing process allows the prosecution control and Judges would have to follow these guidelines with little discretion on the decision. Congress would have the responsibility of creating a structure to avoid â€Å"Unwarranted sentencing disparity among defendants who held similar records who have been found guilty. † The sentencing guidelines initiated a debate involving the legal and social conflicts and consequences. Capital Punishment Methods and Procedures: Lethal Gas and Lethal Injection are the two methods used in the State of California for capital punishment. The procedure for a Legal Injection execution involves strapping the inmate onto a gurney with restraints in an execution chamber. A cardiac monitor is connected to the inmate and a printer outside the execution chamber. Two I. V. ’s are inserted in the veins and once the Warden signals to start, 5. 0 grams of sodium pentothal is injected. The line is then flushed with sterile saline solution and followed by 50 cc of pancuronium bromide. The line is flushed once more and the last injection consists of 50 cc of potassium chloride. The procedure for Lethal Gas execution is the inmate is restrained in a steel airtight chamber. Cyanide pellets are held in a container underneath the inmate. A container on the floor contains sulfuric acid and three executors turn one key. The electronic switch causes the container on the floor to open and allows the cyanide to fall in the sulfuric acid to create the lethal gas. The inmate is monitored so the warden knows when the inmate is no longer breathing. Exhaust fans and ammonia are pumped into the chamber, along with two scrubbers that contain water. This process takes about 30 minutes and the death normally occurs within six to eighteen minutes. Scott Peterson was sentenced to lethal injection in March 2005 for the murder of his wife, Laci Peterson and is currently incarcerated in San Quentin Prison. Scott Peterson is a white male, thirty eight years of age. Richard Ramirez is known as the â€Å"Night Stalker† and sentenced to death row in 1989 for killing 14 or more people. Richard Ramirez is a fifty-one years old, Mexican male. Richard Davis was sentenced to death row for the murder of Polly Klaas in 1996 and other convictions include: robbery, burglary, kidnapping and lewd acts upon a child. Richard Davis is a white male, fifty-six years old. Constitutional Amendments which safeguard inmates: The Eighth, Fifth, and Fourth Amendment protects inmates from cruel and unusual punishment, discrimination, allows inmates eligibility for parole, as well as enforcing due process. The Eighth Amendment requires jails and prisons to adhere to standard living conditions in a humane environment, involving the necessities to live and protection against physical abuse. The Fifth Amendment offers inmates the right to a speedy and unbiased trial, along with a public defender to represent their case in court. Lastly, the Fourteenth Amendment grants inmates protection and equal discipline from correctional officers. Prison architecture designs in America: The New York State’s Auburn System and the Pennsylvania System were two primary architecture designs in America. Eastern State Penitentiary is known as the first penitentiary designed by John Haviland which opened on October of 1829. The center tower was located in the middle of the penitentiary which attached to single story cell blocks. The single unit cells were 8 x 12 feet x 10 feet high and included running water, a toilet, and asmall individual exercise yard which was the same width as the cell. The primary purpose for the penitentiary was to place criminals in solitary confinement in hopes that the inmates would use the time to reflect on their deviant ways and change their behaviors which would lead them on the road to redemption. With the inmates in solitary confinement, inmates were unable to provoke or fight with each other while incarcerated and I would hope some would feel intimidated with living conditions with no intentions of returning. Some argued the prison was costly and majority of the guards would torture the inmate physically and psychologically making the living conditions inhumane. The prison eventually closed and was abandoned in 1971 due to the prison falling apart and currently is operating as a museum. Prison classification is used to asses an inmate’s risk and program needs. The levels are classified as close, medium, minimum 1, minimum 2, and minimum 3. Inmates classified as â€Å"close† present the highest risk of and minimum 3 inmates present the lowest risk. Authorities in the division of prisons are responsible for assigning inmate’s classification/level. These measures have been put in place for the purpose of maintaining order, protecting staff, and inmate safety. Differences between Parole and Probation duties and where the process is used in the Criminal Justice System: Probation is the sentencing during and after incarceration for an individual who committed a crime. Depending on the extent of the crime, a judge orders how much time an individual is incarcerated and once released, orders conditions that need to be followed while on probation. Individuals are responsible for following the rules and a probation officer will closely monitor the individual’s rehabilitation process. Parole is known as an early release from prison and is offered to individuals who follow the rules while incarcerated. The parole board will make the decision if the inmate is ready to be released back into society and evaluate his behavior while incarcerated. Conditions still do apply to a parole and our closely monitored by a Parole Officer. Probation occurs after a person has committed a crime and Parole occurs while a person is incarcerated. A few responsibilities or duties for a Probation Officer include: Evaluating the offender’s progress and behavior; Assist offenders in finding and maintain work; and responsible for all case management. A Parole Officer monitor’s the released individual to ensure they are following the conditions and restrictions. Some duties include: maintaining contact with the parole and their families; evaluate and report the parole’s progress; may work with both Juveniles and adults. Differences between rehabilitation and punishment and who might favor each concept: Rehabilitation gives an individual a chance to learn about his actions and offers individuals’ assistance for reentry into society. Rehabilitation programs are available to both adult and juvenile offenders. Drug Addiction Rehab, Alcohol Addiction Rehab, Violent Behavior Rehab are a few programs used in rehabilitating a person. Incarceration confines an inmate to a small cell with little to no privileges. Unless an inmate is in the process of rehabilitation, Incarceration does not offer help. Incarceration is in place for both juvenile and adult offenders. In California, the average cost for each prisoner is $35,000 per year and $70,000 per year for elderly inmates who require more attention to their health care. Offenders who regret their actions and have strong morals would favor the rehabilitation concept. While repeat offenders who learn to adapt to the prison environment will favor incarceration.